André Lemos is Associate Professor, Faculty of Communication, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil. PhD in Sociology, Sorbonne (1995), Visiting Scholar University of Alberta and McGill University, Canada (2007-2008). Coordinator of Cybercity Research Group (UFBa/CNPq) and Researcher level 1 at CNPq. Member of Prix Ars Electronica, Wi. Journal of Mobile Media and Canadian Journal of Communication Board. This Carnet is online since March 1st, 2001.
Mais notícas sobre a guerra entre Israel e Palestina, mostram as dimensões "ciber" do conflito. A dimensão planetária e eletrônica faz parte do conflito e não é mais uma novidade desde os anos 1990. Agora novas ferramentas da "Web 2.0" e tecnologias móveis e locativas passam a fazer parte do teatro da violência. Basta ver a ação mundial de hackers, o uso das mídias móveis servindo para mapear o conflito e fazer valer vozes no terreno com telefones celulares, ou a instrumentalização dos softwares sociais e da web 2.0 para propaganda oficial ou para denúncias de testemunhas e ativistas em sites como YouTube, blogs, Twitter, Second Life, para ter uma real dimensão do impacto das redes nas atuais guerras e conflitos.
Vejam algumas matérias relacionadas a essa ciberguerra.
Artigo do The Guardian mostra como hacker israelenses estão atacando websites do Hamas em um contexto mundial de hackers contra Israel. "The conflict between Palestine and Israel is not limited to the real world. A group of programmers working under the name 'Help Israel Win' has developed a piece of software that lets people devote part of their computer's processing power to attacking pro-Hamas websites.(...)".
Matéria da BBC aponta na mesma direção: "A propaganda war is being waged on the internet between supporters of the Israeli and Palestinian sides in the current conflict in the Gaza Strip. Activists have turned to defacing websites, taking over computers, and shutting down Facebook groups. US Military sites, Nato, and an Israeli Bank have all been targeted. Experts have warned users to be on the lookout for phishing emails and webmasters to ensure their servers are secure. The hacking of security barriers for political or ideological reasons has been branded by some as hacktivism. And it is thought that as use of the internet grows, so too will the number of attacks. (...)"
Vídeo da Reuters fala de uma primeira guerra com softwares sociais, a "first social media war" com autoridades e ativistas utlizando blogs, YouTube, Tweeter, Second Life...: "Jan 16 - Israel takes its war message to the blogosphere with webcams, social networking sites and YouTube, as Palestinians protest in the virtual world of Second Life."
Sobre cyberwarfare e terrorismos vejam essa definições no Defense Tech:
"The rapid advancement of cyber attacks and the emergence of cyber warfare have caught government and military leaders around the world off guard. Decision making in time requiring defensive measures or military crisis is guided by doctrine and rules of engagement, but in the case of cyber attacks and cyber warfare they do not currently exist. The complexities and unique characteristics of cyber warfare mandate establishing Cyber Attack and Warfare Rules of Engagement (CAWRoE).
Cyber warfare is different than the conventional war in many ways. It is this difference that will challenge the minds of experts around the world when they attempt to create cyber warfare doctrine and ROE. To frame this discussion, below you will find two definitions that put this challenge in context.
Definition - Cyber Warfare & Terrorism - 'The premeditated use of disruptive activities, or the threat thereof, against computers and/or networks, with the intention to cause harm or further social, ideological, religious, political or similar objectives. Or to intimidate any person in furtherance of such objectives.' Source: This definition was published in the U.S. Army Cyber Operations and Cyber Terrorism Handbook 1.02. This definition was written by Kevin Coleman back in 2004 for an online article.(...)"
Post do Mobile Active mostra que o Ushahidi faz parceria com a Al Jazeera para mapear o conflito em Gaza e criar testemunhos por SMS. Já havia postado aqui sobre a Al Jazeera e o Ushahidi nesse Carnet. Vejam trechos do post e vídeo abaixo: "Souktel and Ushahidi have been in the news as they have partnered with Al Jazeera for an interactive SMS-enabled crowdsourced map as the conflict in Gaza continues."
Ontem escrevia sobre o projeto do Allvoices com telefones celulares na faixa de Gaza. Agora, vejo em matéria da CNET News que a defesa Israelense está passando informações no Twitter e criou seu próprio 'YouTube" para difundir os vídeos dos ataques. Celulares, vídeos, micro-blogs, vemos como as Web 2.0 é usada em tempos de crise.
Vídeo de um ataque aéreo em 30 de dezembro 2008
Trechos da matéria:
"The Israel Defense Forces this week extended its airstrikes on Gaza to the Web, posting video footage of its air assault against Hamas militants on YouTube and using Twitter to spread its message. According to various news reports, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) created its own YouTube channel carrying videos that include black-and-white aerial footage of attacks on Hamas weapon sites, and clips of Hamas terrorists loading rockets into trucks. An IDF spokesperson said it is using the platform to 'help us bring our message to the world,' by offering 'exclusive footage showing the IDF's operation success' in Gaza.
(...) Spokesperson for the consulate David Saranga, as quoted in a CNN report, said: "We saw that there is a big debate, a very vivid debate about the situation in Gaza, and we wanted to bring our point of view. We wanted to share it with people on Twitter. 'We wanted to outreach to the young generation, who does not read the conventional media, but is still interested in events in the Middle East, so we thought this is a good way to be an official voice for the questions people are asking,' Saranga said.(...)"
Por outro lado, a Al Jazeera, cria um site para que cidadãos de Gaza possam reportar os problemas por SMS ou via Twitter. Vejam trechos do post do MobileActive.org:
"Al Jazeera launched a new site today for citizens in Gaza to report incidences of various kinds in Gaza via SMS and Twitter. The deployment is using Ushahidi and Souktel's SMS gateway, one of the few able to deliver SMS in Gaza. In this latest citizen journalism effort, Al Jazeera is both mapping reports from its own journalists and incidences reported by the public. So far, there are few citizens texting in, however; the majority of the content consists of Al Jazeera news reports for now. Al Jazeera and its new media team are doing a great job, however, in their labs -- very impressive innivations coming from the Arab satellite news service and its New Media folks like Ryaad M, for example.
(...) To report an incidence, Palestine on the Jawwal network can send a text message (starting with the word GAZA) to the number: 37191. Anywhere else in the world, users can send a text message (starting with the word GAZA) to the number: +45609910303.
The deployment of Ushahidi by Al Jazeera also includes Microsoft's Virtual Earth, not Google Earth as in previous deployments of the tool. It is also the first deployment in Arabic. I hope that with Al Jazeera's broadcasting prowess, it'll promote texting in of citizen reports, and that despite the lack of electricity currently, enough people in Gaza hear about the local number. So far, I do no see any mention of the map on the Al Jazeera front page (neither the Arabic nor English sites), but trust that they will promote the site to begin augmenting their own news reports with reports from citizens on the ground."
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